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National Rally (France) The National Rally ( French: Rassemblement national or RN) is a political party in France. It used to be called the National Front until 2018. The party was founded on 5 October 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen. The party was first called the National Front for French Unity. France's Marine Le Pen hosts Europe's far-right leaders to launch anti-immigration campaign. Ms Le Pen’s plans for a majority for her allies are vanishingly unlikely to be realised: the Front National’s EU-wide grouping, the Europe of Nations and Freedom, has just 36 seats in the 751 member chamber, with Ms Le Pen’s party’s accounting for around half its number.

France’s second largest bank has asked the Front National to close all its accounts and take its business elsewhere. The bank, Société Générale, told the far-right party, led by Marine Le Pen, that it wished to end its 30-year “banking relationship”. It gave no specific reason for the decision.

FN officials said they were fighting the move and claimed that the party was being persecuted. The party headquarters in Nanterre, outside Paris, and local FN federations, have all been targeted, the news website Mediapart and France Inter radio reported on Tuesday.

According to an internal party communication leaked to Mediapart, the bank is seeking to close all current and savings accounts held by the party.

An FN spokesman, David Rachline, told Sud Radio on Tuesday morning: “It’s a real scandal. We will resist and fight to overcome this persecution.”

SocGen has refused to comment on the row, citing client confidentiality. The bank stated: “We can only say that as part of the relationship we have with all our customers, whether it be for the opening or closing of an account, we follow the current regulations and requirements required of a banking establishment to the letter.”

On Tuesday FN officials denied that the decision had been made because the party accounts were in the red. “If that was the case why hasn’t Société Générale closed the UMP - Les Républicains’ accounts when they owe the considerable sum of €50m?” said Wallerand de Saint Just, the FN treasurer. “The Front National’s situation is perfectly healthy and there’s no reason for any banker to use that as an excuse to so brutally throw out a long-standing customer that has always behaved according to the banking rules.”

The FN was reported to have been asked to close its SocGen accounts several months ago, but it had challenged the decision with the banking mediator without success. On Monday the party had asked its federations to send monthly contributions by cheque because it had encountered difficulties with direct debits.

An anonymous FN official told Mediapart the party had no debts with SocGen and said the decision was “a political challenge”.

Louis Aliot, the FN vice-president and Le Pen’s partner, also said the party had no direct financial problems. “A certain number of financial institutions have difficulty with democracy and pluralism,” Aliot told BFMTV. “I’ve noticed that Société Générale is very generous with Les Républicains, especially when it comes to renegotiating their debts, when they own €50m, which is not our case. The French need to know that democracy is in the hands of the banks and those with money.”

During France’s presidential campaign Le Pen claimed that French banks were refusing to lend money to finance her leadership bid, which cost about €12.5m. This sum will be reimbursed out of state coffers but only after the party’s accounts have been inspected and approved.

FN federations took a second hit after failing to do as well as expected in the legislative elections in June, which were reported to have cost a further €15m.

The FN had appeared to be struggling to raise campaign funds in January after Le Pen was asked to repay a €9m loan from a Russian-based bank that had been dissolved. Le Pen met the Russian leader, Vladimir Putin, at the Kremlin in March, two months before the presidential vote.

Le Pen has scheduled a press conference for Wednesday on the theme “French democracy threatened by financial oligarchs”.

Marion Anne Perrine 'Marine' Le Pen (French: [maʁin lə pɛn]; born 5 August 1968) is a French politician and lawyer serving as President of the National Rally political party (previously named National Front) since 2011, with a brief interruption in 2017. She has been the member of the National Assembly for Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency since 18 June 2017.

She is the youngest daughter of party founder Jean-Marie Le Pen and the aunt of former FN MPMarion Maréchal. Le Pen joined the FN in 1986 and was elected as a Regional Councillor (1998–present), a Member of European Parliament (2004–2017), and a municipal councillor in Hénin-Beaumont (2008–2011). She won the leadership of the FN in 2011, with 67.65% of the vote, defeating Bruno Gollnisch and succeeding her father, who had been president of the party since he founded it in 1972.^[1][2][3] In 2012, she placed third in the presidential election with 17.90% of the vote, behind François Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy.^[4][5][6] She launched a second bid to become President of France at the 2017 presidential election. She finished second in the first round of the election, with 21.30% of the vote, and faced Emmanuel Macron of centrist party En Marche! in the second round of voting. On 7 May 2017, she conceded after receiving approximately 33.9% of the vote in the second round.^[7]

Described as more republican than her nationalist father, Le Pen has led a movement of 'de-demonization of the National Front' to soften its image,^[8] based on renovated positions and renewed teams, and expelling controversial members accused of racism, antisemitism, or Pétainism. She expelled her father from the party on 20 August 2015, after he made new controversial statements.^[9][10] She has also relaxed some political positions of the party, advocating for civil unions for same-sex couples instead of her party's previous opposition to legal recognition of same-sex partnerships, accepting unconditional abortion and withdrawing the death penalty from her platform.^[11][12][13] A vocal opponent of the United States and NATO, she has pledged to remove France from their spheres of influence.^[14]

Le Pen was ranked among the most influential people in 2011 and 2015, by the Time 100.^[15][16] In 2016, she was ranked by Politico as the second-most influential MEP in the European Parliament, after President of the European ParliamentMartin Schulz.^[17]

• 1Early life and education
• 2Early political career
  • 2.22010–11: Leadership campaign
• 3Leadership of the National Front
  • 3.5Second presidential candidacy: 2016–2017
• 5Media image
• 6Elections contested
  • 6.2Parliamentary elections
  • 6.3Regional elections
  • 6.4Municipal elections
• 7Political mandates

Early life and education[edit]

Childhood[edit]

Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen was born on 5 August 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine,^[18] the youngest of three daughters of Jean-Marie Le Pen, a Breton politician and former paratrooper, and his first wife, Pierrette Lalanne. She was baptized 25 April 1969, at La Madeleine by Father Pohpot. Her godfather was Henri Botey, a relative of her father.

She has two sisters: Yann and Marie Caroline. In 1976, when Marine was eight, a bomb meant for her father exploded in the stairwell outside the family's apartment as they slept.^[19] The blast ripped a hole in the outside wall of the building, but Marine, her two older sisters and their parents were unharmed.^[20]

She was a student at the Lycée Florent Schmitt in Saint-Cloud. Her mother left the family in 1984, when Marine was 16. Le Pen wrote in her autobiography that the effect was 'the most awful, cruel, crushing of pains of the heart: my mother did not love me.'^[21] Her parents divorced in 1987.^[22][23]

Legal studies and work[edit]

Le Pen studied law at Panthéon-Assas University, graduating with a Master of Laws in 1991 and a Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) in criminal law in 1992.^[24] Registered at the Paris bar association, she worked as a lawyer for six years (1992–1998),^[24] appearing regularly before the criminal chamber of the 23rd district court of Paris which judges immediate appearances, and often acting as a public defender. She was a member of the Bar of Paris until 1998, when she joined the legal department of the National Front.

Personal life[edit]

Le Pen was raised Roman Catholic.^[25] In 1995, she married Franck Chauffroy, a business executive who worked for the National Front. She has three children with Chauffroy (Jehanne, Louis, and Mathilde).^[22] After her divorce from Chauffroy in 2000, she married Eric Lorio in 2002, the former national secretary of the National Front and a former adviser to the Regional election in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. They divorced in 2006.

Since 2009, she has been in a relationship with Louis Aliot, who is of ethnic French Pied-Noir and Algerian Jewish heritage.^[26] He was the National Front general secretary from 2005 to 2010, then the National Front vice president.^[27] She spends most of her time in Saint-Cloud, and has lived in La Celle-Saint-Cloud with her three children since September 2014. She has an apartment in Hénin-Beaumont. In 2010, she bought a house with Aliot in Millas.^[28]

Early political career[edit]

1986–2010: Rise within the National Front[edit]

Marine Le Pen joined the FN in 1986, at the age of 18. She acquired her first political mandate in 1988 when she was elected a Regional Councillor for Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In the same year, she joined the FN's juridical branch, which she led until 2003.

In 2000, she became president of Generations Le Pen, a loose association close to the party which aimed at 'de-demonizing the Front National'.^[22] She became a member the FN Executive Committee (French: bureau politique) in 2000, and vice-president of the FN in 2003.^[22] In 2006, she managed the presidential campaign of her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen. She became one of the two executive vice-presidents of the FN in 2007, with responsibility for training, communication and publicity.^[24]

2010–11: Leadership campaign[edit]

Early in 2010 Le Pen expressed her intention to run for leader of the FN, saying that she hoped to make the party 'a big popular party that addresses itself not only to the electorate on the right but to all the French people'.^[3]

On 3 September 2010, she launched her leadership campaign at Cuers, Var.^[29] During a meeting in Paris on 14 November 2010, she said that her goal was 'not only to assemble our political family. It consists of shaping the Front National as the center of grouping of the whole French people', adding that in her view the FN leader should be the party's candidate in the 2012 presidential election.^[30] She spent four months campaigning for the FN leadership, holding meetings with FN members in 51 departments.^[31] All the other departments were visited by one of her official supporters.^[32] During her final meeting of the campaign in Hénin-Beaumont on 19 December 2010, she claimed that the FN would present the real debate of the next presidential campaign.^[33][34] Her candidacy was endorsed by a majority of senior figures in the party,^[32] including Jean-Marie Le Pen, her father.^[35][36]

On several occasions during her campaign she ruled out any political alliance with the Union for a Popular Movement.^[37][38] She also distanced herself from some of Jean-Marie Le Pen's most controversial statements,^[39] such as those relating to war-crimes, which was reported in the media as attempts to improve the party's image. While her father had attracted controversy by saying that the gas chambers were 'a detail of the history of World War II', she described them as 'the height of barbarism'.^[40][41]

In December 2010 and early January 2011, FN members voted by post to elect their new president and the members of the central committee. The party held a congress at Tours on 15–16 January.^[42] On 16 January 2011, Marine Le Pen was elected as the new president of the FN, with 67.65% of the vote (11,546 votes to 5,522 for Bruno Gollnisch),^[24][43] and Jean-Marie Le Pen became honorary chairman.

Controversy[edit]

Marine Le Pen received substantial media attention during the campaign as a result of comments, made during a speech to party members in Lyon on 10 December 2010, in which she compared the blocking of public streets and squares in French cities (in particular rue Myrha in the 18th arrondissement of Paris) for Muslim prayers with the Nazi occupation of France. She said:

For those who want to talk a lot about World War II, if it's about occupation, then we could also talk about it (Muslim prayers in the streets), because that is occupation of territory .. It is an occupation of sections of the territory, of districts in which religious laws apply .. There are of course no tanks, there are no soldiers, but it is nevertheless an occupation and it weighs heavily on local residents.^[44]

Her comments were widely criticised by media commentators across the political spectrum.^[45][46][47] The Representative Council of French Jewish Institutions (CRIF),^[48] the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM)^[49] and the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA)^[50] condemned her statement, and groups including MRAP (Movement Against Racism and for Friendship between Peoples)^[51] and the French Human Rights League (LDH)^[52] declared their intention to lodge a formal complaint. The imam of the Great Mosque of Paris and former president of the CFCM, Dalil Boubakeur, commented that though her parallel was questionable and to be condemned, she had asked a valid question.^[53]

Le Pen's partner Louis Aliot,^[26] a member of the FN's Executive Committee, criticized 'the attempted manipulation of opinion by communitarian groups and those really responsible for the current situation in France'.^[54] On 13 December 2010, Le Pen reasserted her statement during a press conference at the FN headquarters in Nanterre.^[55][56][57] After Jean-François Kahn's comments on BFM TV on 13 December 2010, she accused the Élysée Palace of organising 'state manipulation' with the intention of demonizing her in public opinion.^[58][59]

On 15 December 2015, a Lyon court acquitted her of 'inciting hatred', ruling that her statement 'did not target all of the Muslim community' and was protected 'as a part of freedom of expression'.^[60]

Leadership of the National Front[edit]

De-demonization of the FN[edit]

Marine Le Pen is often judged to be generally more moderate than her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen.^{[citation needed]} Commentators have highlighted how her calm image contrasts with the stereotypes generally attributed to her political family.^[61] At the beginning of her media rise, she often talked about her particular treatment as the daughter of 'Le Pen' and of the 1976 attack (then the biggest bomb explosion in France since World War II).^[61][62] It has been seen as a way to humanize her party.^[61][63]

For example, Bernard-Henri Lévy, a strong opponent of the FN, talked about 'a far-right with a human face'.^[64] Journalist Michèle Cotta claims that the fact she is a young woman condemning racism and refusing her father's 'faults' (notably his enjoyment of shocking other people) contributed to her strategy of de-demonization of the National Front.^[65] References to World War II or to the French colonial wars are absent from her speeches, which is often looked on as a generation gap.^[66] She distanced herself from her father on the gas chambers he famously called 'a detail in the history of World War II', saying that she 'didn't share the same vision of these events'.^[67]L'Express wrote that the expulsion of Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2015 was the completion of her endeavour. The opponents of the FN denounce it as a more-dangerous strategy because of its evident success.^[68]

In a 2010 RTL interview, Le Pen stated that her strategy was not about changing the FN's program but about showing it as it really is, instead of the image given to it by the media in the previous decades. The media and her political adversaries are accused of spreading an 'unfair, wrong and caricatural' image of the National Front. She refuses the qualification of far-right or extreme-right, considering it a 'pejorative' term: 'How am I party of the extreme right? .. I don't think that our propositions are extreme propositions, whatever the subject'.^[69] However, the radical far-right (e.g., Minute, Rivarol, Patrick Buisson, Henry de Lesquen) reproached her for abandoning or softening her stances on immigration, gay marriage and abortion. In her speech in Lyon on 10 December 2010, she mentioned the fate of gays living in difficult neighbourhoods, victims of religious laws replacing the republican law.^[70][71][72]

In 2014, the American magazine Foreign Policy mentioned her, along with four other French people, in its list of the 100 global thinkers of the year, underlining the way she 'renovated the image' of her party, which had become a model for other right-wing parties in Europe after her success in the European elections.^[73] At a European level, she stopped the alliance built by her father with some right-wing extremist parties and refused to be part of a group with the radical Jobbik or the neo-NaziGolden Dawn. Her transnational allies share the fact that they have officially condemned antisemitism, accepted a more liberal approach toward social matters, and are sometimes pro-Israel such as the Dutch PVV. French historian Nicolas Lebourg concluded that she is looked upon as a compass for them to follow while maintaining local particularities.^[74][75]

While other European populists embraced Donald Trump's candidacy as US President in 2016, she only supported him by saying: 'For France, anything is better than Hillary Clinton'. However, on 8 November 2016 she posted a tweet congratulating Trump on his presidential victory.^[76] Nevertheless, her strategy has difficulties as her image seems to remain controversial: Germany's Angela Merkel has said she 'will contribute to make other political forces stronger than the National Front' and Israel still holds a bad opinion of her party.^[77][78]Nigel Farage has said: 'I've never said a bad word about Marine Le Pen; I've never said a good word about her party'.^[79]

Her social program and her support of SYRIZA in the 2015 Greek general elections have led Nicolas Sarkozy to declare her a far-left politician sharing some of Jean-Luc Mélenchon's propositions. President François Hollande said she was talking 'like a leaflet of the Communist Party'. Eric Zemmour, journalist for the conservative newspaper Le Figaro, wrote during the 2012 presidential election that the FN had become a left-wing party under the influence of adviser Florian Philippot. She has also relaxed some political positions of the party, advocating for civil unions for same-sex couples instead of her party's previous opposition to legal recognition of same-sex partnerships, accepting unconditional abortion, and withdrawing the death penalty from her platform.^[80][81][11]

First steps as a new leader: 2011[edit]

As a president of the Front National, Marine Le Pen currently sits as an ex officio member among the FN Executive Office (8 members),^[82] the Executive Committee (42 members)^[83] and the Central Committee (3 ex officio members, 100 elected members, 20 co-opted members).^[84]

During her opening speech in Tours on 16 January 2011, she advocated to 'restore the political framework of the national community' and to implement the direct democracy which enables the 'civic responsibility and the collective tie' thanks to the participation of public-spirited citizens for the decisions. The predominant political theme was the uncompromising defence of a protective and efficient state, which favours secularism, prosperity and liberties. She also denounced the 'Europe of Brussels' which 'everywhere imposed the destructive principles of ultra-liberalism and free trade, at the expense of public utilities, employment, social equity and even our economic growth which became within twenty years the weakest of the world'.^[85] After the traditional Joan of Arc march and Labour Day march in Paris on 1 May 2011, she gave her first speech in front of 3,000 supporters.^[86][87] On 11 August 2011, she held a press conference about the current systemic crisis.^[88]

On 10 and 11 September 2011, she made her political comeback with the title 'the voice of people, the spirit of France' in the convention center of Acropolis in Nice.^[89] During her closing speech she addressed immigration, insecurity, the economic and social situation, reindustrialization and 'strong state'.^[90] During a demonstration held in front of the Senate on 8 December 2011, she expressed in a speech her 'firm and absolute opposition' to the right of foreigners to vote.^[91] She regularly held thematic press conferences^[92] and interventions^[93] on varied issues in French, European and international politics.

First presidential candidacy: 2011–2012[edit]

On 16 May 2011, Marine Le Pen's presidential candidacy was unanimously approved by the FN Executive Committee.^[94] On 10 and 11 September 2011, she launched her presidential campaign in Nice.^[90] On 6 October 2011, she held a press conference to introduce the members of her presidential campaign team.^[95]

In a speech in Paris on 19 November 2011, Le Pen presented the main themes of her presidential campaign: sovereignty of the people and democracy, Europe, re-industrialisation and a strong state, family and education, immigration and assimilation versus communitarianism, geopolitics and international politics.^[96][97][98] At a press conference on 12 January 2012,^[99] she presented a detailed assessment of her presidential project,^[100] and a plan to reduce France's debt.^[101] At another press conference on 1 February 2012, she outlined her policies for the overseas departments and territories of France.^[102] Many observers noted her tendency to focus on economic and social issues such as globalization and delocalisations, rather than immigration or law and order, which had until then been the central issues for the FN. On 11 December 2011, she held her first campaign meeting in Metz,^[103][104] and from early January to mid-April 2012, she held similar meetings each week in the major French cities. On 17 April 2012, between 6,000 and 7,000 people took part in her final campaign meeting, held at the Zenith in Paris.^[105][106]

On 13 March 2012, she announced that she had collected the 500 signatures required to take part in the presidential election.^[107][108] On 19 March 2012, the Constitutional Council approved her candidacy, and those of nine competitors.^[4] On 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first round, finishing in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy.^[5][6] She achieved better results, in both percentage vote-share and number of votes, that Jean-Marie Le Pen in the 2002 presidential election (16.86%, 4,804,772 votes in the first round; 17.79%, 5,525,034 votes in the run-off).^[109]

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Le Pen polled first in Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes), with Sarkozy and Hollande polling 24.86% (103,927 votes) and 24.11% (100,778 votes) respectively.^[6][110] She also came first in her municipal stronghold of Hénin-Beaumont (35.48%, 4,924 votes), where Hollande and Sarkozy polled 26.82% (3,723 votes) and 15.76% (2,187 votes) respectively.^[111] She achieved her highest results east of the line from Le Havre in the north to Perpignan in the south,^[112] and conversely she won fewer votes in western France, especially big cities such as Paris, overseas and among French citizens living abroad (5.95%, 23,995 votes).^[113] However, she polled well in two rural departments in western France: Orne (20.00%, 34,757 votes)^[114] and Sarthe (19.17%, 62,516 votes).^[115]

Her highest regional result was in Picardy (25.03%, 266,041 votes),^[116] her highest departmental result in Vaucluse (27.03%, 84,585 votes),^[117] and her highest overseas result in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (15.81%, 416 votes).^[118]

She achieved her lowest regional result in Île-de-France (12.28%, 655,926 votes),^[119] her lowest departmental result in Paris (6.20%, 61,503 votes),^[120] and her lowest overseas result in Wallis and Futuna (2.37%, 152 votes).^[121]

A French sociologist, Sylvain Crépon, who analysed the social and occupational groups of the FN voters in 2012, explained: 'The FN vote is made up of the victims of globalisation. It is the small shopkeepers who are going under because of the economic crisis and competition from the out-of-town hypermarkets; it is low-paid workers from the private sector; the unemployed. The FN scores well among people living in poverty, who have a real fear about how to make ends meet.'^[112] Crépon also analysed the increase of the FN vote in 'rural' areas and the recent sociological changes in these areas made up of small provincial towns and new housing-estate commuter belts built on the distant outskirts of the cities: 'The rural underclass is no longer agricultural. It is people who have fled the big cities and the inner suburbs because they can no longer afford to live there. Many of these people will have had recent experience of living in the banlieues (high immigration suburbs) – and have had contact with the problems of insecurity.'^[112] Commentators also pointed that there were more young people and women voting for the party in 2012.^[112]

On 1 May 2012, during a speech delivered in Paris after the traditional Joan of Arc and Labor Day march, Le Pen refused to back either incumbent president Sarkozy or socialist Hollande in the run-off on 6 May. Addressing the party's annual rally at Place de l'Opéra, she vowed to cast a blank ballot and told her supporters to vote with their conscience, saying: 'Hollande and Sarkozy – neither of them will save you. On Sunday I will cast a blank protest vote. I have made my choice. Each of you will make yours.' Accusing both candidates of surrendering to Europe and financial markets, she asked: 'Who between Francois Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy will impose the austerity plan in the most servile way? Who will submit the best to the instructions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Central Bank (ECB) or the European Commission?'.^[122]

Electoral progress: 2012–2016[edit]

Following the increase in support for the FN in the presidential election, Le Pen announced the formation an electoral coalition to contest the June 2012 parliamentary elections called the Blue Marine Gathering. Standing as a candidate in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, Le Pen won 42.36% of the vote, well ahead of the Socialist representative Philippe Kemel (23.50%) and far-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon (21.48%). She was beaten in the second round with 49.86% and filed an appeal with the Constitutional Council, which was rejected despite noting some irregularities. Nationally, the FN had two lawmakers elected: Le Pen's niece Marion Maréchal and Gilbert Collard.

In 2014, Le Pen led the party to further electoral advances in the municipal and senatorial elections: eleven Mayors and two Senators were elected, with the FN entering the upper chamber for the first time.

On 24 May 2014, the FN won the European elections in France, with 24.90% of the vote. Marine Le Pen came in first place in her North-West constituency with 33.60%. 25 FN representatives were elected to the European Parliament from France. They voted against the Juncker Commission when it was formed in July 2014. One year later, Le Pen announced the formation of Europe of Nations and Freedom, a parliamentary grouping composed of the National Front, the Freedom Party of Austria, Lega Nord of Italy, the Dutch Party for Freedom, the Congress of the New Right from Poland, the Flemish Vlaams Belang of Belgium, and British independent MEP Janice Atkinson, formerly of UKIP. Le Pen's first attempt to assemble this grouping in 2014 had failed due to UKIP and the Sweden Democrats refusing to join, as well as some controversial statements from her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen. Le Pen sat on the commission for international trade. In 2016, Politico ranked her as the second most influential MEP after Martin Schulz.

In April 2015, Le Pen's father gave two interviews including controversial statements about World War II and about minorities in France, causing a political crisis in the FN. Marine Le Pen organised a postal vote to ask FN members to change the party's statutes in order to expel her father. J-M Le Pen pursued his movement and the justice cancelled the vote. On 25 August, the FN executive office voted to expel him from the party he had founded forty years earlier. Many observers noted Marine's dependence on her closest adviser, Florian Philippot, a former left-wing technocrat. The party instigated a purge to expel the members who had opposed the changes within the FN under Marine Le Pen's leadership.

Le Pen subsequently announced her candidacy for the presidency of the regional council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie in the 2015 regional elections, though she expressed her regret over the proximity of these elections to the next presidential election. On 6 December, she finished first with 40.6% of the vote, but the Socialist candidate (third with 18.12%) withdrew and declared support for her right-wing opponent Xavier Bertrand, who won with 57.80% of the vote. Her niece Marion also lost, by a smaller margin.

Second presidential candidacy: 2016–2017[edit]

Leading candidate in polls[edit]

Marine Le Pen announced her candidacy for the 2017 French presidential election on 8 April 2016, and from the start maintained high support in opinion polling. She appointed FN Senator David Rachline as her campaign manager. The FN had difficulty finding funding because of the refusal of French banks to provide credit. Instead, the NF borrowed €9 million from the First Czech-Russian Bank in Moscow in 2014, despite European Union sanctions placed on Russia following the annexation of Crimea. In February 2016, the FN asked Russia for another loan, this time of €27 million, but the second loan was not paid.^[123]

Political analysts suggested that Le Pen's strong position in opinion polls was due to the absence of a primary in her party (consolidating her leadership), the news of the migrant crisis and terrorist attacks in France (reinforcing her political positions) and the very right-wing campaign of Nicolas Sarkozy in the Republican primary (enlarging her themes). In a 2016 interview with the BBC, Le Pen said that Donald Trump's victory in the US Presidential election would help her, saying that Trump had 'made possible what had previously been presented as impossible'.^[124] However, she said she would not officially launch her campaign before February 2017, waiting for the results of the Republican and Socialist primaries, and preferred to keep a low media profile and use thematic think tanks to expand and promote her political program. As a result, her rare media appearances attracted large audiences (2.3 million viewers for Vie politique on TF1 on 11 September 2016 and 4 million for Une ambition intime on M6 on 16 October).

The NF's communications also received media attention: a new Mitterrand-inspired poster depicting her in a rural landscape with the slogan 'Appeased France' was a response to surveys indicating that she remained controversial for large parts of the French electorate. Satirical treatment of this poster led to the slogan being changed to: 'In the name of the people'. Meanwhile, the FN logo and the name Le Pen were removed from campaign posters.

France Front National Party

Le Pen launched her candidacy on 4 and 5 February 2017 in Lyon, promising a referendum on France's membership of the European Union if she could not achieve her territorial, monetary, economic and legislative goals for the country within six months renegotiation with the EU. Her first campaign appearance on television, four days later, received the highest viewing figures on France 2 since the previous presidential election (16.70% with 3.7 million viewers).^[125]

Campaign[edit]

On 2 March 2017, the European Parliament voted to revoke Le Pen's immunity from prosecution for tweeting violent imagery. Le Pen had tweeted an image of beheaded journalist James Foley in December 2015, which was deleted following a request from Foley's family. Le Pen also faced prosecution for allegedly spending EU Parliament funds on her own political party; the lifting of her immunity from prosecution did not apply to the ongoing investigation into the misuse of parliamentary funds by the FN.^[126]

Le Pen met with several incumbent heads of state including Lebanon's Michel Aoun,^[127] Chad's Idriss Déby,^[128] and Russia's Vladimir Putin.^[129]

The ground floor of the building which housed Le Pen's campaign headquarters was targeted by an arson attempt during the early morning of 13 April 2017.^[130][131]

In 2017, Le Pen argued that France as a nation bore no responsibility for the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup, in which Paris policemen arrested Jewish citizens for deportation to Auschwitz as part of the holocaust. She repeated a Gaullist thesis according to which France was not represented by the Vichy regime, but by Charles de Gaulle's Free France.^[132]

On 20 April 2017, in the wake of a shooting targeting police officers that was treated as a suspected terrorist attack, Le Pen cancelled a planned campaign event. The next day, she called for the closure of all 'extremist' mosques, a remark that was criticised by Prime Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who accused her of attempting to 'capitalise' on the incident. She also called for the expulsion of hate preachers and people on the French security services' watch list, and the revocation of their citizenship. The Guardian noted that the attack could serve as 'ammunition' for right-wing candidates in the election, including Le Pen.^[133]

On 21 April 2017, United States President Donald Trump wrote on Twitter that the shooting would have 'a big effect on the presidential election.'^[134] Later that day, Trump said that Le Pen was the 'strongest on borders, and she's the strongest on what's been going on in France.'^[135] Meanwhile, former US President Barack Obama phoned Emmanuel Macron to express his support.^[136]

Second round[edit]

Le Pen won 21.3% of the vote (7.7 million votes) in the first round of the election on 23 April 2017, placing her second behind Macron, who received 24.0%,^[137] meaning that they would face each other in the run-off on 7 May. On 24 April 2017, the day after the first round of voting, Le Pen announced that she would temporarily step down as the leader of the NF in an attempt to unite voters.^[138] 'The President of the Republic is the president of all the French people, they must bring them all together,' she said.^[139]

After progressing to the second round, she said that the campaign was now 'a referendum for or against France' and tried to convince those voting for the hard-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon to support her. This choice was later criticised by those in her party who believed that she had abandoned François Fillon's voters in spite of their conservative and anti-immigration stance. On 1 May 2017, a video emerged of Le Pen copying sections of a speech by Francois Fillon word-for-word.^[140]

In the first days of the second round campaign, the gap in opinion polls began to narrow. On 25 April, Le Pen went to Amiens in an unexpected visit to meet workers at the Whirlpool factory while Macron was in a meeting with local officials at the same time, with Le Pen receiving a positive welcome. Macron then also visited the factory workers, but was booed by a hostile crowd.

Le Pen was generally regarded as the loser of the televised debate between the two candidates. Her performance was strongly criticised by politicians, commentators, and members of her own party, and described as a 'sabotage' by conservative journalist Eric Zemmour. Le Pen herself subsequently acknowledged that she had 'misfired' during the debate. In the following days, she began to fall back in opinion polls.

On 7 May, she conceded defeat to Emmanuel Macron. Her vote share of 33.9% was lower than any polls had predicted, and was attributed to her poor performance in the debate. She immediately announced a 'full transformation' of the FN in the following months.^[7]

Member of Parliament: 2017–present[edit]

On 18 May 2017, Le Pen announced that she would run as a candidate at the parliamentary elections in the Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency, in her fifth attempt to be elected as a deputy. She received just under 46% of the vote in the first round, and won the second with just under 58% against Anne Roquet of En Marche. She became a member of the Foreign Affairs Commission in the National Assembly. She then resigned as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP).^[141]

Political positions[edit]

Marine Le Pen contends that the FN's immigration programme is better known among the voters; she has thus concentrated on the party's economic and social programmes.^[142][143]

Described as more democratic and republican than her nationalist father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, the previous leader of the FN, she has attempted to shift the party's image, based on reformulated policy positions, and has changed some political positions of the party, advocating for civil unions for same-sex couples, accepting unconditional abortion and withdrawing the death penalty from her platform.^[11][12]

On economic policy, Le Pen favours protectionism as an alternative to free trade.^[30] She supports economic nationalism,^[144] the separation of investment and retail banking,^[145] and energy diversification,^[146] and is opposed to the privatization of public services and social security,^[147] speculation on international commodity markets,^[147] and the Common Agricultural Policy.^[148]

Le Pen is opposed to globalization, which she blames for various negative economic trends, and opposes European Union supranationalism and federalism, instead favouring a loosely confederate 'Europe of the Nations'.^[149] She has called for France to leave the Eurozone^[150] and for a referendum on France leaving the EU.^[151] She has been a vocal opponent of the Treaty of Lisbon,^[152] and opposes EU membership for Turkey and Ukraine.^[153][154] Le Pen has pledged to take France out of NATO and the US sphere of influence.^[14] She proposes the replacement of the World Trade Organization^[155][156] and the abolition of the International Monetary Fund.^[157]

Le Pen and the NF believe that multiculturalism has failed,^[158] and argue for the 'de-Islamisation' of French society.^[159] Le Pen has called for a moratorium on legal immigration.^[160] She would repeal laws allowing illegal immigrants to become legal residents,^[90] and has argued that benefits provided to immigrants be reduced to remove incentives for new immigrants.^[161] Following the beginning of the Arab Spring and the European migrant crisis, she called for France to withdraw from the Schengen Area and reinstate border controls.^[162][163]

On foreign policy, Le Pen supports the establishment of a privileged partnership with Russia,^[14] and believes that Ukraine has been 'subjugated' by the United States.^[164] She is strongly critical of NATO policy in the region, Eastern European anti-Russian sentiment,^[164] and threats of economic sanctions.^[154]

Marine has voiced her support for Rattachism.^[165]

Media image[edit]

National media[edit]

Le Pen's appearances on television and radio have played an important role in her political career, and her political activities are regularly covered in the French media.^[166][167]

During an appearance on the programme Mots croisés (Crossed Words) on France 2 on 5 October 2009,^[168] Le Pen quoted sections of Frédéric Mitterrand's autobiographical novel The Bad Life, accusing him of having sex with underage boys and engaging in sex tourism, and demanding his resignation as Minister of Culture.^[169][170] According to French political commentator Jérôme Fourquet, the Mitterrand case was Le Pen's media breakthrough.^[171]

Le Pen appeared several times on À vous de juger (You Be The Judge), a political discussion show on France 2 hosted by journalist and commentator Arlette Chabot. In her first appearance, on 14 January 2010, Marine Le Pen appeared opposite Éric Besson, Minister of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Mutually Supportive Development.^[172]

In her first appearance as a main guest on À vous de juger, on 9 December 2010, she was questioned on economic, social and immigration issues by Chabot and political commentator Alain Duhamel; she then took part in debates, first with the socialist Mayor of ÉvryManuel Valls and then Rachida Dati, Minister of Justice.^[173] The broadcast was viewed by 3,356,000 viewers (14.6% of the television audience),^[174] the highest viewing figures for 2010 and the fourth highest since the series first aired in September 2005.^[175]

In December 2010, French journalist Guillaume Tabard described her as the 'revelation of the year', and as 'first an electoral phenomenon' and 'a media phenomenon after'.^[176]

À vous de juger was replaced on France 2 by Des paroles et des actes (Words and Acts), hosted by journalist and anchorman David Pujadas. In her first appearance as a main guest on 23 June 2011, Le Pen appeared opposite Cécile Duflot, national secretary of The Greens.^[177][178] The broadcast was viewed by 3,582,000 viewers (15.1% of the television audience.^[179][180]

Le Pen has also appeared on Parole directe (Direct Speech) on TF1, hosted by Laurence Ferrari and political commentator François Bachy. Her first appearance as a sole guest on 15 September 2011 was viewed by an average of 6 million viewers (23.3% of the television audience) with a peak of 7.3 million in the second half of the programme.^[181][182]

International media[edit]

Le Pen has appeared in the news media of other European countries,^[23][183] Russia,^[184] the Middle East,^[185] and the United States.^[186][187] She appeared on Quebec web-radio station Rockik in December 2008,^[188]Radio Canada in May 2010,^[189] and the Israeli radio station 90FM in March 2011.^[190] In March 2011, she appeared on the front cover of The Weekly Standard magazine.^[191] She spoke to international journalists at a press conference on 13 January 2012, organised by the European American Press Club.^[192]

On 21 April 2011, she was featured in the 2011 Time 100^[15] with a commentary from Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the far-right Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and vice chairman of the State Duma.^[193]

In October 2011, she launched her book in Verona, Italy, and met Assunta Almirante, the widow of Giorgio Almirante, leader of the far-rightItalian Social Movement (MSI).^[194]

In February 2013, she spoke at the Cambridge Union Society, the debating society of the University of Cambridge. Her appearance sparked controversy, with anti-fascist group Unite Against Fascism opposing her invitation on a No Platform basis and organising a demonstration outside the venue, attended by around 200 people.^[195][196] The protests were supported by numerous Cambridge societies, including Cambridge University Students' Union and Cambridge Universities Labour Club; other groups, such as the Cambridge Libertarians, supported her invitation.^[197]

Elections contested[edit]

European elections[edit]

In the 2004 European Parliament election, Le Pen led the FN list in the Île-de-France constituency. The list polled 8.58% (234,893 votes), winning one of fourteen available seats.^[198]

In the 2009 European parliament election, Le Pen led the FN list in the North-West France constituency. The party polled 10.18% (253,009 votes),^[199] the highest FN vote share of French constituencies, and won one of the ten seats.^[200] The FN's constituency list received its highest regional result in Picardy (12.57%, 63,624 votes),^[201] its highest departmental result in Aisne (13.40%, 19,125 votes),^[202] and its highest municipal results in Pas-de-Calais: Hénin-Beaumont (27.92%, 1,799 votes),^[203]Courcelles-lès-Lens (26.57%),^[204]Noyelles-Godault (24.72%).^[205]

Parliamentary elections[edit]

Paris in 1993[edit]

Le Pen first stood for parliament in the 1993 legislative election, in Paris' 16th constituency (17th arrondissement of Paris). She finished third with 11.10% (3,963 votes), and Bernard Pons (UDR) was re-elected as the MP with 63.14% (22,545 votes) in the first round.^[206]

Lens in 2002[edit]

She stood in the 2002 election in Pas-de-Calais' 13th constituency, Lens, an economically deprived socialist stronghold. Le Pen polled 24.24% (10,228 votes) in the first round, qualifying for the run-off against socialist Jean-Claude Bois, in which Le Pen received 32.30% (12,266 votes); Bois was re-elected as the MP with 67.70% (27,510 votes).^[207]

Hénin-Beaumont in 2007[edit]

In the 2007 election, Le Pen and her substitute Steeve Briois^{[clarification needed]} stood for the FN in the Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency, Hénin-Beaumont, a former coal mining area with high unemployment. Le Pen expressed the view that due to unemployment, offshoring and insecurity, the constituency symbolised the major problems of France.^[208] Le Pen's campaign committee was led by Daniel Janssens, who had previously served for 24 years as the socialist deputy mayor of Leforest.

Le Pen finished second of fourteen candidates in the first round with 24.47% (10,593 votes), behind incumbent Socialist MP Albert Facon with 28.24% (12,221 votes).^[209] Le Pen was the only FN candidate in France to qualify for the run-off.^[210] After the first round, Le Pen was endorsed by Gaullist politicians Alain Griotteray and Michel Caldagués and the souverainiste MEP Paul-Marie Coûteaux.^[211]

In the run-off, Le Pen received 41.65% (17,107 votes), and Facon was re-elected as the MP with 58.35% (23,965 votes).^[209] Her strongest results came in Courcelles-lès-Lens (48.71%),^[212] Noyelles-Godault (47.85%),^[213] and Hénin-Beaumont (44.54%, 4,729 votes).^[214] According to political analysts, Le Pen's strong showing in the constituency was a result of economic and social issues like de-industrialization, unemployment and a feeling of abandonment, rather than immigration or security.^[210]

Hénin-Beaumont in 2012[edit]

In the 2012 election, Le Pen, now leader of the FN, stood in Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, which now contained Henin-Beaumont following redistricting, where she had got her best results in the presidential election.^[215] Her opponents were Philippe Kemel and Jean-Luc Mélenchon.^[216] She finished first in the first round on 10 June 2012, with 42.36% (22,280 votes),^[217] and was defeated in the second round by Philippe Kemel.

In 2014, the Criminal Court of Bethune found Marine Le Pen guilty of electoral fraud, for producing and distributing flyers during the 2012 election purporting to be from electoral opponent Jean-Luc Mélenchon, calling for 'Arab' votes. She was ordered to pay a €10,000 fine.^{[218][219][220]}

Regional elections[edit]

Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 1998[edit]

In the 1998 elections, she was included in the FN list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and was a regional councillor for six years (1998–2004).^[22]

Île-de-France in 2004[edit]

In the 2004 elections, she led the FN regional list in Île-de-France and the departmental list in Hauts-de-Seine.

National Front France News

Her list polled 12.26% (448,983 votes) in the first round and achieved 10.11% (395,565 votes) with fifteen councillors elected in the run-off.^[221][222]

Le Pen led the regional group for five years, stepping down in February 2009 to concentrate on the European election campaign in the North-West France constituency.^[223] A member of the standing committee, she led opposition to the left-wing regional executive managed by Jean-Paul Huchon.

Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 2010[edit]

Vote Front National France

In the 2010 elections, Marine Le Pen led the FN regional list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and the departmental list in Pas-de-Calais.^[224]

In the first round, her list polled 18.31% (224.871 votes) and finished in third position in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.^[225] In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 19.81% (96,556 votes), ahead of the UMP (15.91%, 77,550 votes),^[226] and won by a large margin in Hénin-Beaumont (39.08%, 2,949 votes).^[227] Le Pen's list achieved the second-highest result of FN regional lists in the country, behind her father Jean-Marie Le Pen's list in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, which received 20.30% (296,283 votes).^[228] In Pas-de-Calais, she received a higher share of the vote than Jean-Marie Le Pen had received in the first round of the 2002 presidential election (18.41%, 135,330 votes).^[229]

In the run-off, her list polled 22.20% (301,190 votes) in Nord-Pas-de-Calais, finishing in third position.^[225] Eighteen FN councillors were elected among the 113 of Nord-Pas-de-Calais' regional council.^[230] Le Pen's list had the second highest vote share of NF regional lists in France, behind Jean-Marie Le Pen's list which received 22.87% (387,374 votes) with 21 councillors elected.^[228] In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 24.37% (130,720 votes), finishing ahead of the UMP (22.63%, 121,365 votes),^[226] and achieved its highest municipal results in Hénin-Beaumont (44.23%, 3,829 votes)^[227] and Courcelles-lès-Lens (40.60%).^[231] Her list achieved the second-highest departmental FN result in the country behind Vaucluse (26.54%).^[232] Her regional vote share and the vote share in Pas-de-Calais were higher than those of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the run-off of the 2002 presidential election (21.89%, 445,357 votes;^[233] 22.17%, 170,967 votes).^[229]

Le Pen's success in these elections reinforced her internal position within the FN. As a member of the standing committee and a president of the regional group (Front National/Gathering for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais), she led opposition to the left-wing regional executive managed by Daniel Percheron.

Municipal elections[edit]

Hénin-Beaumont in 2008[edit]

Since 2001, Gérard Dalongeville has been the Mayor of Hénin-Beaumont, an economically deprived town in a former coal mining area.

A municipal councillor since 1995,^[234] Steeve Briois led the FN list with Marine Le Pen in second position. The FN list came second with 28.53% (3,650 votes) in the first round and achieved 28.83% (3,630 votes) with five councillors elected in the run-off.^[235][236]

Following the election, Briois and Le Pen sat in opposition against the re-elected mayor Gérard Dalongeville and his first vice-mayor Marie-Noëlle Lienemann.

2009 Hénin-Beaumont by-election[edit]

A municipal by-election was held in Hénin-Beaumont on 28 June and 5 July 2009. As in 2008, Steeve Briois was the FN top candidate with Le Pen in second position.

The FN list led by a large margin after the first round, with 39.33% (4,485 votes), and received 47.62% (5,504 votes) in the run-off, with eight councillors elected,^[237] though the FN again failed to win the municipality.^[238]

Briois, Le Pen and the six other FN councillors formed the opposition against the new mayor Daniel Duquenne and his successor Eugène Binaisse.

On 24 February 2011, Le Pen resigned as a municipal councillor because of the law on the accumulation of mandates ('cumul des mandats').^[239] In a letter entitled 'I stay in Hénin-Beaumont!', she expressed the view that her political activities would be more effective for the city at regional and European levels than in the municipal council.^[240]

Political mandates[edit]

Local mandates[edit]

• Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais: (15 March 1998 – 28 March 2004); since 26 March 2010: member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group.
• Regional councillor of Île-de-France (28 March 2004 – 21 March 2010): member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group until February 2009.
• Municipal councillor of Hénin-Beaumont (23 March 2008 – 24 February 2011).

European mandates[edit]

Member of the European Parliament in the Île-de-France constituency (20 July 2004 – 13 July 2009): Non-Inscrits (20 July 2004 – 14 January 2007/14 November 2007 – 13 July 2009); Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (15 January 2007 – 13 November 2007).

• Member: Committee on Culture and Education (21 July 2004 – 14 January 2007/15 January 2007 – 30 January 2007), Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (31 January 2007 – 13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Israel (15 September 2004 – 13 March 2007/14 March 2007 – 13 July 2009)
• Substitute: Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (21 July 2004 – 14 January 2007/31 January 2007 – 13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand (15 March 2007 – 13 July 2009)^[241]

Member of the European Parliament in the North-West France constituency: Non-Inscrits (14 July 2009 – 16 June 2015); ENF

• Member: Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (since 16 July 2009), Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (since 16 September 2009)
• Substitute: Committee on International Trade (since 16 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Canada (16 September 2009 – 14 November 2010)^[241][242]

Bibliography[edit]

• À contre flots, Jacques Grancher, 2006 ISBN2-7339-0957-6 (autobiography)(in French)
• Pour que vive la France, Jacques Grancher, 2012, 260 pages (in French)

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External links[edit]

• Cross, Tony (4 May 2012) [3 May 2012]. 'Has Marine Le Pen Made France's Front National Respectable?'. RFI English. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
• Appearances on C-SPAN